Peacebuilding and Countering Violent Extremism (CVE)/Preventing Violent Extremism (PVE)

Pakistan’s peacebuilding and countering violent extremism (CVE) and preventing violent extremism (PVE) efforts are influenced by a complex array of factors, including its security landscape, political dynamics, socio-economic challenges, and the persistence of extremist ideologies. While there have been significant policy shifts and efforts to address violent extremism in the country, including a robust national action plan, the road to sustainable peace and stability remains fraught with challenges.

Extremism and militancy have long been persistent issues in Pakistan, fueled by factors such as socio-economic inequality, political instability, sectarianism, regional conflicts, and ideological polarization. The rise of extremist groups—both local and transnational—has had a devastating impact on Pakistan’s security, causing widespread violence, displacement, and loss of life. The country’s involvement in regional conflicts, coupled with internal governance challenges, has exacerbated vulnerabilities to extremist ideologies, especially among disenfranchised youth and marginalized communities.

The National Action Plan (NAP), introduced in 2014 as a response to the growing terrorist threat, outlines key actions for countering terrorism and extremism. It includes measures such as the implementation of stricter laws, the regulation of seminaries, the establishment of military courts for terrorism-related cases, and a stronger role for security forces in tackling militancy. However, critics argue that while NAP addresses some aspects of terrorism, it falls short of focusing on the root causes of extremism, such as social exclusion, lack of education, and limited economic opportunities for youth, particularly in rural areas and tribal regions.

Youth disenfranchisement is a critical factor contributing to the spread of extremist ideologies. With a youth population that constitutes over 60% of the total population, Pakistan faces the challenge of harnessing the potential of its young people to contribute to peacebuilding and positive social change. However, many young people, particularly in conflict-affected areas, feel disconnected from state institutions and lack access to opportunities in education, employment, and political engagement. These vulnerabilities make them susceptible to extremist ideologies, radicalization, and recruitment by militant groups.

Sectarian violence remains a significant challenge, particularly between Sunni and Shia communities, as well as between various ethnic groups. The state has struggled to address the underlying causes of sectarianism, which includes political manipulation, economic disparities, and the proliferation of extremist narratives through both traditional media and digital platforms. Attacks on religious minorities and the growing intolerance toward different sects continue to undermine social cohesion and impede peacebuilding efforts.

The role of women in peacebuilding and CVE/PVE efforts has gained increasing recognition in recent years. Women, particularly in areas affected by militancy, can play a crucial role in preventing radicalization and promoting peace. However, women’s participation in peace processes and decision-making remains limited due to cultural and societal barriers, as well as a lack of political and legal empowerment. Efforts to build community resilience and counter extremism must involve women’s voices and leadership, particularly in designing interventions that focus on education, social cohesion, and family engagement in preventing radicalization.

Civil society organizations (CSOs) and local communities have been key actors in promoting peacebuilding at the grassroots level. These organizations have worked to provide alternative narratives to extremism, promote interfaith and inter-sectarian dialogue, support reintegration of former militants, and engage youth in positive activities that foster resilience against violent extremism. However, CSOs face significant obstacles, including restrictions on freedom of expression, threats from militant groups, and a lack of adequate funding and support from the state.

Governance and security sector reform remain vital to creating an enabling environment for peacebuilding in Pakistan. While military operations have had some success in eliminating militant strongholds, there is a need for a comprehensive approach that includes strengthening civilian governance, rule of law, and community policing. Local law enforcement agencies, which often operate with limited resources and training, are crucial in preventing extremism at the community level but require institutional strengthening to effectively engage in peacebuilding.

Counter-narratives and media play an important role in combating extremism. The rise of social media platforms and digital propaganda has made it easier for extremist ideologies to spread, particularly among young people. Pakistan has taken some steps to regulate online content and counter extremist narratives, but more needs to be done in terms of media literacy, digital citizenship, and countering hate speech. Collaboration with tech companies, civil society, and religious institutions is necessary to develop robust counter-narratives that challenge extremist ideologies.

In conclusion, while Pakistan has made notable progress in addressing the challenges of violent extremism through policy, security measures, and peacebuilding initiatives, the path to sustainable peace requires a more integrated approach that tackles both the symptoms and root causes of extremism. A comprehensive strategy should prioritize education, youth engagement, interfaith dialogue, women’s participation, and inclusive governance. Only through such a multi-faceted approach will Pakistan be able to build long-lasting peace and stability, counter extremism effectively, and ensure that future generations are resilient to violent ideologies.